Estimating formation stresses using sonic data

ABSTRACT

Maximum and minimum horizontal stresses are estimated using radial profiles of shear moduli for a deviated borehole. Inversion enables estimation of maximum and minimum horizontal stresses using radial profiles of three shear moduli associated with an orthogonal set of axis defined by the deviated borehole azimuth from the North and the deviation of the longitudinal axis of the borehole from the vertical.

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation-in-part of the following U.S. Patent Applications of which this application claims the benefits of priority: application Ser. No. 12/179,300, entitled “ESTIMATING FORMATION STRESSES USING RADIAL PROFILES OF THREE SHEAR MODULI,” filed on Jul. 24, 2008;

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention is generally related to analysis of subterranean formations, and more particularly to estimating formation stresses using sonic data in deviated, highly deviated or horizontal boreholes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

It has been demonstrated that differences in shear moduli are related to differences in principal stresses in a homogeneously stressed rock. There are two independent difference equations relating the three shear moduli C₄₄, C₅₅, and C₆₆, and three unknowns—the maximum and minimum horizontal stresses, and an acoustoelastic coefficient defined in terms of two rock nonlinear constants (C₁₄₄ and C₁₅₅). Consequently, two independent equations relating four unknowns have to be solved.

To overcome these limitations, the applicability of shear moduli difference equations is generalized in the presence of known stress distributions caused by the presence of a borehole. Near-wellbore stress distributions are known from the theory of elasticity that is valid for rock stresses less than the rock yield stress. Dipole shear moduli C₄₄ and C₅₅ change as we approach near-wellbore region where the far-field stresses change to borehole cylindrical stresses. Radial and azimuthal variations of these stresses are known from the linear elasticity. Since these difference equations contain two unknown nonlinear constants C₁₄₄ and C₁₅₅, four unknowns need to be solved. However, two more difference equations can be formed that relate changes in the dipole shear moduli C₄₄ and C₅₅ at two radial positions to the corresponding changes in borehole cylindrical stresses. These borehole stresses can be expressed in terms of the three formation principal stresses. One of the equations relates the difference between [C₅₅(r/a=far)−C₅₅(r/a=near)] to corresponding stresses at these two radial positions normalized by the borehole radius a. The second equation relates the difference between [C₄₄(r/a=far)−C₅₅(r/a=near)] to the stresses at these two radial positions. Radial variations of shear moduli C₅₅ and C₄₄ are obtained from the dipole Shear Radial Velocity Profiling (SRVP) algorithm using the fast- and slow-dipole dispersions.

Therefore, these four equations can be solved to obtain the maximum and minimum horizontal stresses and the nonlinear constants C₁₅₅ and C₁₄₄ referred to a local reference state. Higher-order coefficients of nonlinear elasticity C₁₄₄, C₁₅₅, and C₄₅₆ are also used to calculate stress coefficients of shear velocities from an acoustoelastic model of wave propagation in prestressed materials (“Third-order constants and the velocity of small amplitude elastic waves in homogeneously stressed materials”, by R. N. Thurston and K. Brugger, Physical Review, vol. A 133, pp. 1604-1610, 1964; “Elastic waves in crystals under a bias”, by B. K. Sinha, Ferroelectrics, vol. 41, pp. 61-73. 1982).

Various devices are known for measuring formation characteristics based on sonic data. Mechanical disturbances are used to establish elastic waves in earth formations surrounding a borehole, and properties of the waves are measured to obtain information about the formations through which the waves have propagated. For example, compressional, shear and Stoneley wave information, such as velocity (or its reciprocal, slowness) in the formation and in the borehole can help in evaluation and production of hydrocarbon resources. One example of a sonic logging device is the Sonic Scanner® from Schlumberger. Another example is described in Pistre et al., “A modular wireline sonic tool for measurements of 3D (azimuthal, radial, and axial) formation acoustic properties, by Pistre, V., Kinoshita, T., Endo, T., Schilling, K., Pabon, J., Sinha, B., Plona, T., Ikegami, T., and Johnson, D.”, Proceedings of the 46^(th) Annual Logging Symposium, Society of Professional Well Log Analysts, Paper P, 2005. Other tools are also known. These tools may provide compressional slowness, Δt_(c), shear slowness, Δt_(s), and Stoneley slowness, Δt_(st), each as a function of depth, z, where slowness is the reciprocal of velocity and corresponds to the interval transit time typically measured by sonic logging tools. An acoustic source in a fluid-filled borehole generates headwaves as well as relatively stronger borehole-guided modes. A standard sonic measurement system uses a piezoelectric source and hydrophone receivers situated inside the fluid-filled borehole. The piezoelectric source is configured as either a monopole or a dipole source. The source bandwidth typically ranges from a 0.5 to 20 kHz. A monopole source primarily generates the lowest-order axisymmetric mode, also referred to as the Stoneley mode, together with compressional and shear headwaves. In contrast, a dipole source primarily excites the lowest-order flexural borehole mode together with compressional and shear headwaves. The headwaves are caused by the coupling of the transmitted acoustic energy to plane waves in the formation that propagate along the borehole axis. An incident compressional wave in the borehole fluid produces critically refracted compressional waves in the formation. Those refracted along the borehole surface are known as compressional headwaves. The critical incidence angle θ_(i)=sin⁻¹ (V_(f)/V_(c)), where V_(f) is the compressional wave speed in the borehole fluid; and V_(c) is the compressional wave speed in the formation. As the compressional headwave travels along the interface, it radiates energy back into the fluid that can be detected by hydrophone receivers placed in the fluid-filled borehole. In fast formations, the shear headwave can be similarly excited by a compressional wave at the critical incidence angle θ_(i)=sin⁻¹ (V_(f)/V_(s)), where V_(s) is the shear wave speed in the formation. It is also worth noting that headwaves are excited only when the wavelength of the incident wave is smaller than the borehole diameter so that the boundary can be effectively treated as a planar interface. In a homogeneous and isotropic model of fast formations, as above noted, compressional and shear headwaves can be generated by a monopole source placed in a fluid-filled borehole for determining the formation compressional and shear wave speeds. It is known that refracted shear headwaves cannot be detected in slow formations (where the shear wave velocity is less than the borehole-fluid compressional velocity) with receivers placed in the borehole fluid. In slow formations, formation shear velocities are obtained from the low-frequency asymptote of flexural dispersion. There are standard processing techniques for the estimation of formation shear velocities in either fast or slow formations from an array of recorded dipole waveforms.

It is known that sonic velocities in rocks change as a function of porosity, clay volume, saturation, stresses and temperature. It is, therefore, necessary to invert only those velocity differences between two depths or radial positions that are largely due to stress changes and effects of any other contributing factors are eliminated. The underlying theory behind the estimation of formation stresses using borehole sonic data is based on acoustoelastic effects in rocks. Acoustoelasticity in rocks refers to changes in elastic wave velocities caused by changes in pre-stress in the propagating medium. Elastic wave propagation in a pre-stressed material is described by equations of motion for small dynamic fields superposed on a statically deformed state of the material. These equations are derived from the rotationally invariant equations of nonlinear elasticity (“Elastic waves in crystals under a bias”, by B. K. Sinha, Ferroelectrics, vol. 41, pp. 61-73. 1982; “Acoustoelasticity of solid/fluid composite systems”, by A. N. Norris, B. K. Sinha, and S. Kostek, Geophysical Journal International, vol. 118, pp. 439-446, August 1994). Equations of motion for pre-stressed isotropic materials contain two linear (λ and μ) and three nonlinear elastic stiffness constants (C₁₁₁, C₁₄₄, C₁₅₅) in a chosen reference state together with the biasing stresses. A forward solution of equations of motion in pre-stressed materials yields plane wave velocities as a function of principal stresses in the propagating medium. An inversion algorithm estimates stresses in the propagating medium in terms of measured velocities.

All these techniques account for estimation of formation stresses using sonic data acquired in vertical wells, referred to an orthogonal trihedron including the vertical borehole axis. However, onshore, it is necessary to drill a deviated well to enter formations at selected locations and angles. This may occur because of the faulting in the region. It is also necessary to do this around certain types of salt structures. As a further example of onshore deviated drilling, there has been growing interest in providing surveys of wells that have been deviated from a vertical portion toward the horizontal.

In offshore production, once a producing formation has been located, it is typically produced from a centrally positioned platform. A single production platform is typically installed at a central location above the formation and supported on the ocean bottom. A production platform supports a drilling rig which is moved from place to place on the platform so that a number of wells are drilled. From the inception, most of the wells are parallel and extend downwardly with parallel portions, at least to a certain depth. Then, they are deviated at some angle. At the outer end of the deviated portion, vertical drilling may again be resumed. While a few of the wells will be more or less vertically drilled, many of the wells will be drilled with three portions, a shallow vertical portion, an angled portion, and a termination portion in the formation which is more or less vertically positioned. Therefore the need to provide formation stresses data in deviated wells is continuously increasing.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

According to one embodiment of the invention, it is proposed a method for estimating maximum and minimum horizontal stresses in a formation in which a deviated borehole is present comprising determining radial profiles of Stoneley, fast dipole shear and slow dipole shear slownesses; estimating maximum and minimum horizontal stresses by inverting differences in far-field shear moduli with difference equation obtained from radial profiles of dipole shear moduli C44″, C55″ and deviated borehole stresses wherein said dipole shear moduli C44″, C55″ and deviated borehole stresses are referred to a trihedron of orthogonal axis defined by the deviated borehole azimuth from the North and the deviation of the longitudinal axis of the deviated borehole from the vertical; and producing an indication of the maximum and minimum horizontal stresses in the formation in tangible form.

Advantageously, estimating maximum and minimum horizontal stresses comprises expressing a first set of principal stresses as a function of the deviated borehole azimuth from the North, the deviation of the longitudinal axis of the deviated borehole from the vertical and the formation maximum horizontal stress, minimum horizontal stress and overburden stress.

Advantageously, expressing radial profiles of Stoneley, fast dipole shear and slow dipole shear slownesses as a function of the first set of principal stresses and an acoustoelastic coefficient.

Advantageously, the acoustoelastic coefficient comprises a non linear elastic stiffness parameter and a shear modulus of the formation.

Advantageously,the acoustoelastic coefficient relates sonic or seismic velocities in the formation to corresponding changes in the first set of principal stresses in the formation.

It is also an object of the invention to propose an apparatus for estimating stress in a formation in which a deviated borehole is present comprising: at least one acoustic sensor that provides radial profiles of Stoneley, fast dipole shear and slow dipole shear slownesses; processing circuitry that estimates maximum and minimum horizontal stresses by inverting differences in far-field shear moduli with difference equation obtained from radial profiles of dipole shear moduli C44″, C55″ and deviated borehole stresses, said dipole shear moduli C44″, C55″ and deviated borehole stresses being referred to a trihedron of orthogonal axis defined by the deviated borehole azimuth from the North and the deviation of the longitudinal axis of the deviated borehole from the vertical; and an output that produces an indication of the maximum and minimum horizontal stresses in tangible form.

It is another object of the invention to propose a method for estimating maximum horizontal stress direction from the North in a formation in which a deviated borehole is present comprising: determining radial profiles of Stoneley, fast dipole shear and slow dipole shear slownesses; obtaining minimum horizontal and formation overburden stresses from measurements taken in the deviated borehole; identify the deviated borehole azimuth from the maximum horizontal stress direction from the obtained minimum horizontal stress; determine the deviated borehole azimuth from the North; estimate the maximum horizontal stress direction from the North from the radial profiles of Stoneley, fast dipole shear and slow dipole shear slownesses, the minimum horizontal stress and the deviated borehole azimuth; and producing maximum horizontal stress direction from the North in a formation in tangible form.

In another embodiment of the invention it is proposed a method for estimating horizontal to overburden stress ratio in a formation in which a deviated borehole is present comprising: determining radial profiles of Stoneley, fast dipole shear and slow dipole shear slownesses; expressing the minimum horizontal to overburden stress ratio as a function of the maximum horizontal to overburden stress ratio; calculating a first and a second parameters comprising nonlinear elastic stiffness constants for the formation as a function of the maximum horizontal to overburden stress ratio; calculating a first estimation of an acoustoelastic coefficient as a function of the maximum horizontal to overburden stress ratio; calculating a second estimation of the acoustoelastic coefficient as a function of the fast dipole shear and slow dipole shear slownesses, maximum horizontal stress and minimum horizontal stress; expressing an error function between the first and second estimations of the acoustoelastic coefficient as a function of the maximum horizontal to overburden stress ratio; estimating a value of the maximum horizontal to overburden stress ratio when the error function is minimum; and calculating the minimum horizontal to overburden stress ratio from the value of the maximum horizontal to overburden stress ratio.

Advantageously, calculating the minimum horizontal to overburden stress ratio is based on the equation:

${\frac{\sigma_{h}}{\sigma_{v}} = {{\left( \frac{B_{1}}{B_{3}} \right)\left( \frac{\sigma_{H}}{\sigma_{V}} \right)} - \left( \frac{B_{2}}{B_{3}} \right)}},{where}$ ${B_{1} = {{R_{1}\sin^{2}\varphi \; \sin^{2}\theta} + {R_{2}\sin^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} + {\cos^{2}\varphi}}},{B_{2} = {{R_{1}\cos^{2}\theta} + {R_{2}\sin^{2}\theta}}},{B_{3} = {{R_{1}\cos^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} + {R_{2}\cos^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta}}},{R_{1} = \frac{C_{55}^{//} - C_{44}^{//}}{C_{55}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}}},{R_{2} = \frac{C_{44}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}}{C_{55}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}}},$

and φ is the azimuth of the deviated borehole measured from the North, θ the deviation of the longitudinal axis of the deviated borehole from the vertical, C₄₄″, C₅₅″, C₆₆″ are the shear moduli referred to a trihedron of orthogonal axis defined by the deviated borehole azimuth from the North and the deviation of the longitudinal axis of the deviated borehole from the vertical.

A further object of the invention is to propose a method for estimating maximum horizontal stress magnitude in a formation in which a deviated borehole is present comprising: determining radial profiles of Stoneley, fast dipole shear and slow dipole shear slownesses; obtaining minimum horizontal stress from a mini-frac or XLOT in a nearby offset well in the same field; obtaining overburden stress from an integration of bulk density from the surface to the depth of interest; identify the deviated borehole azimuth from the maximum horizontal stress direction; determine the deviated borehole deviation from the horizontal; and estimate the maximum horizontal stress magnitude using the three far-field shear moduli from the radial profiles of the Stoneley, fast dipole shear, and slow dipole shear slownesses based on the following equations

${\sigma_{H} = {{\frac{\left( {a_{2} - {R_{1}a_{5}}} \right)}{\left( {{R_{1}a_{4}} - a_{1}} \right)}\sigma_{h}} + {\frac{\left( {a_{3} - {R_{1}a_{6}}} \right)}{\left( {{R_{1}a_{4}} - a_{1}} \right)}\sigma_{V}}}},{where}$ ${R_{1} = \frac{C_{55}^{//} - C_{44}^{//}}{C_{55}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}}},{a_{1} = {{\cos^{2}\varphi}\; - {\sin^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta}}},{a_{2} = {{\sin^{2}\varphi} - {\cos^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta}}},{a_{3} = {{- \sin^{2}}\theta}},{a_{4} = {\sin^{2}{\varphi \left( {{\sin^{2}\theta} - {\cos^{2}\theta}} \right)}}},{a_{5} = {\cos^{2}{\phi \left( {{\sin^{2}\theta} - {\cos^{2}\theta}} \right)}}},{a_{6} = {{\cos^{2}\theta} - {\sin^{2}{\theta.}}}}$

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES

FIG. 1 illustrates one example of a logging tool used to acquire and analyse data in accordance with an embodiment of the invention;

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of a deviated borehole with azimuth φ measure from the North and deviation θ from the vertical;

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a borehole subject to triaxial stresses, together will wellbore pressure and pore pressure;

FIG. 4 illustrates a schematic of a borehole in the presence of formation stresses with the borehole axis parallel to the overburden stress Sv and where the two horizontal stresses are the same (S_(Hmax)=S_(hmin)=S_(H));

FIG. 5 shows measured Stoneley and cross-dipole dispersion in a deviated borehole;

FIG. 6 illustrates radial profiles of the three formation shear slownesses;

FIG. 7 illustrates formation far-field Δσ_(H)/Δσ_(h) plotted as a function of Δσ_(H)/Δσ_(v) obtained from the measured shear moduli referred to the deviated borehole axis;

FIG. 8 illustrates radial profiles of the dipole fast and slow shear moduli obtained from the inversion of cross-dipole dispersions;

FIG. 9 illustrates the relative error plotted as a function of Δσ_(X1)/Δσ_(X3) (=Δσ_(H)/Δσ_(v));

FIG. 1 0 illustrates estimated formation horizontal stresses plotted as a function of parameter γ;

FIG. 11 illustrates the rotation of formation far-field principal stresses Sv=94 MPa; SHmax=90.5; and Shmin=88.8, where the azimuth is measured from the maximum horizontal stress direction SHmax, well deviation fixed at 35.2 degrees from the maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) direction;

FIG. 12 illustrates rotation of formation fr-field principal stresses Sv=94 MPA; SHmax=90.5; and Shmin=88.8, where the well azimuth is measured form the maximum horizontal stress direction SHmax. Well azimuth being fixed at 331.9 degrees from the maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) direction;

FIG. 13 illustrated a flowchart for the estimation of maximum horizontal stress direction using sonic data from deviated boreholes;

FIG. 14 shows measured Stoneley and cross-dipole dispersions in a deviated borehole;

FIG. 15 shows radial profiles of the two formation shear slownesses;

FIG. 16 illustrates formation far-field Δσ_(H)/Δσ_(h) plotted as a function of Δσ_(H)/Δσ_(v) obtained front h measured shear moduli referred to the deviated borehole axis;

FIG. 17 illustrates radial profiles of the dipole fast and slow shear moduli obtained from the inversion of cross-dipole dispersions.

FIG. 18 illustrates the relative error plotted as a function of Δσ_(X1)/Δσ_(X3) (=Δσ_(H)/Δσ_(v));

FIG. 19 illustrates estimated formation horizontal streses plotted as a function of parameter γ.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The following description provides exemplary embodiments only, and is not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the disclosure. Rather, the following description of the exemplary embodiments will provide those skilled in the art with an enabling description for implementing one or more exemplary embodiments. It being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

Specific details are given in the following description to provide a thorough understanding of the embodiments. However, it will be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the embodiments may be practiced without these specific details. For example, systems, processes, and other elements in the invention may be shown as components in block diagram form in order not to obscure the embodiments in unnecessary detail. In other instances, well-known processes, structures, and techniques may be shown without unnecessary detail in order to avoid obscuring the embodiments.

Also, it is noted that individual embodiments may be described as a process which is depicted as a flowchart, a flow diagram, a data flow diagram, a structure diagram, or a block diagram. Although a flowchart may describe the operations as a sequential process, many of the operations can be performed in parallel or concurrently. In addition, the order of the operations may be re-arranged. A process may be terminated when its operations are completed, but could have additional steps not discussed or included in a figure. Furthermore, not all operations in any particularly described process may occur in all embodiments. A process may correspond to a method, a function, a procedure, a subroutine, a subprogram, etc. When a process corresponds to a function, its termination corresponds to a return of the function to the calling function or the main function.

Furthermore, embodiments of the invention may be implemented, at least in part, either manually or automatically. Manual or automatic implementations may be executed, or at least assisted, through the use of machines, hardware, software, firmware, middleware, microcode, hardware description languages, or any combination thereof. When implemented in software, firmware, middleware or microcode, the program code or code segments to perform the necessary tasks may be stored in a machine readable medium. A processor(s) may perform the necessary tasks.

FIG. 1 illustrates one example of a logging tool (106) used to acquire and analyze data in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. The tool has a plurality of receivers and transmitters. The illustrated logging tool (106) also includes multi-pole transmitters such as crossed dipole transmitters (120, 122) (only one end of dipole (120) is visible in FIG. 1) and monopole transmitters (109) (close) and (124) (far) capable of exciting compressional, shear, Stoneley, and flexural waves. The logging tool (106) also includes receivers (126), which are spaced apart some distance from the transmitters. Each receiver may include multiple hydrophones mounted azimuthally at regular intervals around the circumference of the tool. Other configurations, such as a Digital Sonic Imaging (DSI) tool with four receivers at each of eight receiver stations, or incorporating other multi-pole sources such as quadrupole, are also possible. The use of a plurality of receivers and transmitters results in improved signal quality and adequate extraction of the various borehole signals over a wide frequency band However, the distances, number and types of receivers and transmitters shown in this embodiment are merely one possible configuration, and should not be construed as limiting the invention.

The subsurface formation (102) is traversed by a borehole (104) which may be filled with drilling fluid or mud. The logging tool (106) is suspended from an armored cable (108) and may have optional centralizers (not shown). The cable (108) extends from the borehole (104) over a sheave wheel (110) on a derrick (112) to a winch forming part of surface equipment, which may include an analyzer unit (114). Well known depth gauging equipment (not shown) may be provided to measure cable displacement over the sheave wheel (110). The tool (106) may include any of many well known devices to produce a signal indicating tool orientation. Processing and interface circuitry within the tool (106) amplifies, samples and digitizes the tool's information signals for transmission and communicates them to the analyzer unit (114) via the cable (108). Electrical power and control signals for coordinating operation of the tool (106) may be generated by the analyzer unit (114) or some other device, and communicated via the cable (108) to circuitry provided within the tool (106). The surface equipment includes a processor subsystem (116) (which may include a microprocessor, memory, clock and timing, and input/output functions—not separately shown), standard peripheral equipment (not separately shown), and a recorder (118).

FIG. 2 shows schematic diagram of a borehole parallel to a X″₃-axis in a formation subject to the overburden (S_(V)) parallel to the X₃-axis, maximum horizontal (SHmax) parallel to the X₁-axis, and minimum horizontal (Shmin) stress parallel to the X₂-axis. The deviated borehole has an azimuth φ measured from the North and deviation θ from the vertical. In the embodiment, it is assumed that the maximum horizontal stress direction coincides with the North. Since sonic velocities change as a function of effective stresses, effective stresses can be used in all equations describing stress-induced effects on sonic velocities. FIG. 3 displays a fluid-filled borehole with a wellbore pressure Pw and a surrounding porous formation with a pore pressure Pp. The borehole is subject to triaxial stresses T_(xx) (=S_(H)), T_(yy) (=S_(H)), and T_(zz) (=S_(V)). Effective stress σ_(ij)=T_(ij)δ_(ij) α P_(P), where T_(ij) is the applied stress, δ_(ij) is the Kronecker delta, and α is the Biot parameter. It is assumed that the X₁-, X₂-, and X₃-axis, respectively, are parallel to the effective maximum horizontal (σ_(H)), minimum horizontal (σ_(h)), and vertical (σ_(V)) stresses. The borehole radius is denoted by “a”.

Referred to an isotropically loaded reference state, shear moduli in the three orthogonal planes are the same (C₄₄=C₅₅=C₆₆=μ). When this rock is subject to anisotropic incremental stresses, changes in the shear moduli can be expressed as

$\begin{matrix} {{\Delta \; C_{55}} = {{\left\lbrack {C_{55} - {v\; C_{144}} + {\left( {1 - v} \right)\; C_{155}}} \right\rbrack \frac{\Delta \; \sigma_{11}}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}} + {\left\lbrack \; {C_{144} - {\left( {1 + {2v}} \right)C_{55}} - {2v\; C_{155}}} \right\rbrack \frac{\Delta \; \sigma_{22}}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}} + {\quad{{\left\lbrack {{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}} + \; C_{55} - {v\; C_{144}} + {\left( {1 - v} \right)C_{155}}} \right\rbrack \frac{\Delta \; \sigma_{33}}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}},}}}} & (1) \end{matrix}$

where ΔC₅₅ is obtained from the fast-dipole shear slowness from sonic data acquired by a dipole transmitter aligned parallel to the X₁-direction and borehole parallel to the X″₃-direction; the quantities μ and ν are the linear elastic moduli, whereas C₁₄₄ and C₁₅₅ are the formation nonlinear constants in the chosen reference state; and Δσ₃₃, Δσ₁₁, and Δσ₂₂, respectively, denote the effective overburden (parallel to the X″₃-direction), maximum horizontal (parallel to the X₁-direction), and minimum horizontal (parallel to the X₂-direction) stresses at a chosen depth of interest,

$\begin{matrix} {{\Delta \; C_{44}} = {{\left\lbrack {{{- \left( {1 + {2v}} \right)}C_{44}} + C_{144} - {2v\; C_{155}}} \right\rbrack \frac{\Delta \; \sigma_{11}}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}} + {\left\lbrack {{{- v}\; C_{144}} + C_{44} + {\left( {1 - v} \right)C_{155}}} \right\rbrack \frac{\Delta \; \sigma_{22}}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}} + {\quad{{\left\lbrack {{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}} + \; C_{44} - {v\; C_{144}} + {\left( {1 - v} \right)C_{155}}} \right\rbrack \frac{\Delta \; \sigma_{33}}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}},}}}} & (2) \end{matrix}$

where ΔC₄₄ is obtained from the slow-dipole shear slowness from sonic data acquired by a dipole transmitter aligned parallel to the X″₂-direction and borehole parallel to the X″₃-direction.

$\begin{matrix} {{{\Delta \; C_{66}} = {{\left\lbrack {{{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}C_{66}} - {v\; C_{144}} + {\left( {1 - v} \right)C_{155}}} \right\rbrack \frac{\left( {{\Delta \; \sigma_{11}} + {\Delta\sigma}_{22}} \right)}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}} + {\left\lbrack {{{- \left( {1 + {2v}} \right)}C_{66}} + C_{144} - {2v\; C_{155}}} \right\rbrack \frac{\Delta \; \sigma_{33}}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}}}},} & (3) \end{matrix}$

where ΔC₆₆ is obtained from the Stoneley shear slowness dispersion from sonic data acquired by a monopole transmitter at a chosen depth of interest.

Rotation of Formation Principal Stresses to Deviated Borehole Axis.

According to one embodiment of the invention, in order to obtain formation principal stresses in the deviated boreholes, sonic data acquired in the trihedron of orthogonal axis including the deviated borehole axis X″₃ will be rotated to a trihedron of orthogonal axis including the vertical axis X₃ as shown on FIG. 2. Therefore it is considered a deviated wellbore with an azimuth φ measured from the X₁ axis obtained by rotating the trihedron (X₁, X₂, X₃) about the X₃-axis, and a deviation of θ from the vertical obtained by rotating the trihedron (X₁′, X₂′, X₃′) about the X₁′ axis in order to obtain a final trihedron (X₁″, X₂″, X₃″). FIG. 2 shows schematic diagram of a wellbore with an azimuth φ measured from the North and deviation θ from the vertical. Rotated stresses referred to the (X₁″, X₂″, X₃″) trihedron can be written in terms of the principal stresses T₁₁, T₂₂ and T₃₃ referred the (X₁, X₂, X₃) trihedron as shown below:

T ₁₁ ″=T ₁₁ cos² φ+T ₂₂ sin² φ,

T ₂₂ ″=T ₁₁ sin² φ cos² θ+T ₂₂ cos² φ cos² θ+T ₃₃ sin² θ,

T ₃₃ ″=T ₁₁ sin² φ sin² θ+T ₂₂ cos² φ sin² θ+T ₃₃ cos² θ,

T ₁₂ ″=−T ₁₁ cos φ sin φ cos θ+T ₂₂ cos φ sin φ cos θ,

T ₁₃ ″=T ₁₁ cos φ sin φ θ−T ₂₂ cos φ sin φ sin θ,

T ₂₃ ″=−T ₁₁ sin² φ cos θ sin θ−T ₂₂ cos² φ cos θ sin θ+T ₃₃ cos θ sin θ.   (4)

Since both the seismic and sonic wave velocities change as a function of effective prestress in the propagation medium, the borehole effective stresses σ_(ij) can be written in terms of the formation effective stresses referred to the principal stress axis as shown below:

σ₁₁″=σ_(H)″=σ₁₁ cos² φ+σ₂₂ sin² φ,

σ₂₂″=σ_(h)″=σ₁₁ sin² φ cos² θ+σ₂₂ cos² φ cos² θ+σ₃₃ sin² θ,

σ₃₃″=σ_(V)=σ₁₁ sin² φ sin² θ+σ₂₂ cos² φ sin² θ+σ₃₃ cos² θ,   (5)

where σ₁₁, σ₂₂, and σ₃₃ are the borehole radial, hoop, and axial stresses parallel to the X₁, X₂, and X₃-axis, respectively and “a” denotes the borehole radius. These borehole stresses can be expressed in terms of the far-field formation principal stresses using the Kirsch's equations:

$\begin{matrix} {{\sigma_{11} = {\sigma_{rr} = {{\frac{\sigma_{+}}{2}\left( {1 - \frac{a^{2}}{r^{2}}} \right)} + {\frac{\sigma_{-}}{2}\left( {1 - \frac{4a^{2}}{r^{2}} + \frac{3a^{4}}{r^{4}}} \right)\cos \; 2\psi} + {\Delta \; P_{W}\frac{a^{2}}{r^{2}}}}}},{\sigma_{22} = {\sigma_{\theta\theta} = {{\frac{\sigma_{+}}{2}\left( {1 + \frac{a^{2}}{r^{2}}} \right)} - {\frac{\sigma_{-}}{2}\left( {1 + \frac{3a^{4}}{r^{4}}} \right)\cos \; 2\psi} - {\Delta \; P_{W}\frac{a^{2}}{r^{2}}}}}},{\sigma_{33} = {\sigma_{ZZ} = {\sigma_{V} - {v\; \sigma_{-}\frac{2a^{2}}{r^{2}}\cos \; 2\psi}}}},{\sigma_{12} = {\sigma_{r\; \theta} = {{- \frac{\sigma_{-}}{2}}\left( {1 + \frac{2a^{2}}{r^{2}} - {3\frac{a^{4}}{r^{4}}}} \right)\sin \; 2\; \psi}}},{\sigma_{+} = {\sigma_{H} + \sigma_{h}}},{\sigma_{-} = {\sigma_{H} - \sigma_{h}}},{{\Delta \; P_{W}} = {P_{W} - P_{P}}},} & (6) \end{matrix}$

where ψ is the radial stress direction measured from the far-field maximum horizontal stress σ_(H) direction. P_(W) and P_(P) are the wellbore and pore pressures at the depth of interest.

Difference Equations Using the Far-Field Shear Moduli

It needs to be recalled that the X₁-, X₂-, and X₃-axis, respectively, are parallel to the maximum horizontal (σ_(H)), minimum horizontal (σ_(h)), and vertical (σ_(V)) stresses that define the principal stress axes. Referred to the rotated borehole trihedron (X₁″, X₂″, X₃″), axis are defined by borehole azimuth φ from the North and deviation θ from the vertical. Then the difference equations can be formed in the effective shear moduli referred to the borehole axes in terms of differences in the effective stress magnitudes parallel to the rotated borehole (X₁″, X₂″, X₃″) axes through an acoustoelastic coefficient defined in terms of formation nonlinear constants referred to a chosen reference state and for a given formation lithology. The following three equations relate changes in the shear moduli to corresponding changes in the effective principal stresses:

C ₄₄ ″−C ₆₆ ″=A _(E)(σ₃₃″−σ₁₁″),   (7)

C ₅₅ ″−C ₆₆ ″=A _(E)(σ₃₃″−σ₂₂″),   (8)

C ₅₅ ″−C ₄₄ ″=A _(E)(σ₁₁″−σ₂₂″),   (9)

where Δσ″₃₃, Δσ″₁₁, and Δσ″₂₂ denote changes in the effective overburden, maximum horizontal, and minimum horizontal stresses, respectively; and

$\begin{matrix} {{A_{E} = {2 + \frac{C_{456}}{\mu}}},} & (10) \end{matrix}$

is the acoustoelastic coefficient, C₅₅″ and C₄₄″ denote the shear moduli for the fast and slow shear waves in the cross-sectional plane of the rotated borehole, respectively; C₄₅₆=(C₁₅₅−C₁₄₄)/2, is a formation nonlinear parameter that defines the acoustoelastic coefficient; and p represents the shear modulus in a chosen reference state. However, only two of the three difference equations (7), (8), and (9) are independent.

The presence of differential stress in the cross-sectional plane of borehole causes dipole shear wave splitting and the observed shear slowness anisotropy can be used to calculate the acoustoelastic coefficient A_(E) from equation (10) provided we have estimates of the three principal stresses as a function of depth. Note that the dipole shear waves are largely unaffected by the fluid mobility. We can then estimate the stress-induced change in the Stoneley shear modulus C₆₆″ using equations (8) and (9), and the effective stress magnitudes Δσ_(V)″, ≢6σ_(H)″, and ≢6σ_(h)″ at a given depth.

Difference Equations Using Radial Profiles of Shear Moduli

In addition to the step described previsouly, we proceed to obtain two more independent equations using radial profiles of the three principal stresses together with measured radial profile of shear moduli obtained from the SRVP algorithm. When combined with the two difference equations (4) and (5) in terms of the far-field shear moduli, we obtain 4 independent equations to solve for the four unknowns—Δσ_(H), Δσ_(h), C₁₄₄ and C₁₅₅. To this end, we re-write equations (1), (2), and (3) in terms of the principal stress parameters Δσ_(H), Δσ_(h), and Δσ_(V):

$\begin{matrix} {{\Delta \; C_{55}^{//}} = {{\left\lbrack {C_{55} - {v\; C_{144}} + {\left( {1 - v} \right)\; C_{155}}} \right\rbrack \frac{\Delta \; \sigma_{H}^{//}}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}} + {\left\lbrack \; {C_{144} - {\left( {1 + {2v}} \right)C_{55}} - {2v\; C_{155}}} \right\rbrack \frac{\Delta \; \sigma_{h}^{//}}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}} + {\quad{{\left\lbrack {{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}} + \; C_{55} - {v\; C_{144}} + {\left( {1 - v} \right)C_{155}}} \right\rbrack \frac{\Delta \; \sigma_{V}^{//}}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}},}}}} & (11) \\ {{\Delta \; C_{44}^{//}} = {{\left\lbrack {{{- \left( {1 + {2v}} \right)}C_{44}} + C_{144} - {2v\; C_{155}}} \right\rbrack \frac{\Delta \; \sigma_{H}^{//}}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}} + {\left\lbrack {{{- v}\; C_{144}} + C_{44} + {\left( {1 - v} \right)C_{155}}} \right\rbrack \frac{\Delta \; \sigma_{h}^{//}}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}} + {\quad{{\left\lbrack {{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}} + \; C_{44} - {v\; C_{144}} + {\left( {1 - v} \right)C_{155}}} \right\rbrack \frac{\Delta \; \sigma_{V}^{//}}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}},}}}} & (12) \\ {{{\Delta \; C_{66}^{//}} = {{\left\lbrack {{{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}C_{66}} - {v\; C_{144}} + {\left( {1 - v} \right)C_{155}}} \right\rbrack \frac{\left( {{\Delta \; \sigma_{H}^{//}} + {\Delta\sigma}_{h}^{//}} \right)}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}} + {\left\lbrack {{{- \left( {1 + {2v}} \right)}C_{66}} + C_{144} - {2v\; C_{155}}} \right\rbrack \frac{\Delta \; \sigma_{V}^{//}}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}}}},} & (13) \end{matrix}$

Next we define the following non-dimensional parameters:

$\begin{matrix} {{{S_{H}^{//} = \frac{\Delta \; \sigma_{H}^{//}}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}},{S_{h}^{//} = \frac{\Delta \; \sigma_{h}^{//}}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}},{S_{V}^{//} = \frac{\Delta \; \sigma_{V}^{//}}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}}}{and}} & (14) \\ {{A_{1} = {{{- v}\; C_{144}} + {\left( {1 - v} \right)C_{155}}}},{A_{2} = {C_{144} - {2v\; C_{155}}}}} & (15) \\ {{{C_{44}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}} = {A_{E}\left( {\sigma_{V}^{//} - \sigma_{H}^{//}} \right)}},} & (16) \\ {{C_{55}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}} = {{A_{E}\left( {\sigma_{V}^{//} - \sigma_{h}^{//}} \right)}.}} & (17) \end{matrix}$

We therefore can obtain the following expression for the stress ratio from equations (16) and (17):

$\begin{matrix} \begin{matrix} {\frac{\sigma_{h}^{//}}{\sigma_{V}^{//}} = {1 - \frac{C_{55}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}}{C_{44}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}} + {\left( \frac{C_{55}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}}{C_{44}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}} \right)\frac{\sigma_{H}^{//}}{\sigma_{V}^{//}}}}} \\ {{= {\frac{C_{44}^{//} - C_{55}^{//}}{C_{44}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}} + {\left( \frac{C_{55}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}}{C_{44}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}} \right)\frac{\sigma_{H}^{//}}{\sigma_{V}^{//}}}}},} \end{matrix} & (18) \end{matrix}$

Subtracting equation (16) from (17), and substituting for A_(E) from equation (15), we obtain:

$\begin{matrix} {{C_{55}^{//} - C_{44}^{//}} = {\left\lbrack {{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}} + A_{1} - A_{2}} \right\rbrack \frac{\sigma_{H}^{//} - \sigma_{h}^{//}}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}}} & (19) \end{matrix}$

This results in one of the two equations relating A₁ and A₂:

$\begin{matrix} {{A_{1} - A_{2}} = {2{{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}\left\lbrack {\frac{C_{55}^{//} - C_{44}^{//}}{\sigma_{H}^{//} - \sigma_{h}^{//}} - 1} \right\rbrack}}} & (20) \end{matrix}$

On the other hand, we can obtain different A₁ and A₂ values for different Δσ_(H)/Δσ_(V) as follows:

We can now re-write equation (21) referred to the rotated borehole axes. To this end, we substitute σ_(V)″, σ_(H)″, and σ_(h)″ from equations (5) and (6) and obtain:

$\begin{matrix} {{\Delta \; {C_{55}^{//{({\theta = 0})}}\left( {r/a} \right)}} = {{\left( {\mu + A_{1}} \right)\begin{bmatrix} \begin{matrix} {{\left( {{\xi_{1}^{HH}\cos^{2}\varphi} + {\xi_{1}^{HH}\sin^{2}\varphi}} \right)\sigma_{H}} +} \\ {{\left( {{\xi_{2}^{HH}\cos^{2}\varphi} + {\xi_{2}^{hh}\sin^{2}\varphi}} \right)\sigma_{h}} +} \end{matrix} \\ {\left( {{\xi_{3}^{HH}\cos^{2}\varphi} + {\xi_{3}^{hh}\sin^{2}\varphi}} \right)\Delta \; P_{W}} \end{bmatrix}} + {\left\lbrack {{- {\mu \left( {1 + {2v}} \right)}} + A_{2}} \right\rbrack {\quad{\begin{bmatrix} \begin{matrix} {{\begin{pmatrix} {{\xi_{1}^{HH}\sin^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {{\xi_{1}^{hh}\cos^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} + {\xi_{1}^{VV}\sin^{2}\theta}} \end{pmatrix}\sigma_{H}} +} \\ {{\begin{pmatrix} {{\xi_{2}^{HH}\sin^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {{\xi_{2}^{hh}\cos^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} + {\xi_{2}^{VV}\sin^{2}\theta}} \end{pmatrix}\sigma_{h}} +} \end{matrix} \\ {\left( {\sin^{2}\theta} \right)\sigma_{V}} \end{bmatrix} + {\left\lbrack {{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}} + C_{55} + A_{1}} \right\rbrack {\quad{\begin{bmatrix} \begin{matrix} {{\begin{pmatrix} {{\xi_{1}^{HH}\sin^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {{\xi_{1}^{hh}\cos^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} + {\xi_{1}^{VV}\cos^{2}\theta}} \end{pmatrix}\sigma_{H}} +} \\ {{\begin{pmatrix} {{\xi_{2}^{HH}\sin^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {{\xi_{2}^{hh}\cos^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} + {\xi_{2}^{VV}\cos^{2}\theta}} \end{pmatrix}\sigma_{h}} +} \end{matrix} \\ {\left( {\cos^{2}\theta} \right)\sigma_{V}} \end{bmatrix},{where}}}}}}}}} & (21) \\ {{\xi_{1}^{HH} = {\frac{1}{2}\left( {2 - \frac{5a^{2}}{r^{2}} + \frac{3a^{4}}{r^{4}}} \right)}},{\xi_{2}^{HH} = {\frac{1}{2}\left( {\frac{3a^{2}}{r^{2}} - \frac{3a^{4}}{r^{4}}} \right)}},{\xi_{3}^{HH} = \frac{a^{2}}{r^{2}}},{\xi_{1}^{hh} = {\frac{1}{2}\left( {\frac{a^{2}}{r^{2}} - \frac{3a^{4}}{r^{4}}} \right)}},{\xi_{2}^{hh} = {\frac{1}{2}\left( {2 + \frac{a^{2}}{r^{2}} + \frac{3a^{4}}{r^{4}}} \right)}},{\xi_{3}^{hh} = {- \frac{a^{2}}{r^{2}}}},{\xi_{1}^{VV} = {- \frac{2a^{2}}{r^{2}}}},{\xi_{2}^{VV} = {\frac{2a^{2}}{r^{2}}.}}} & (22) \end{matrix}$

Note that all geometric coefficients ξ₁ ^(HH), ξ₂ ^(HH), ξ₃ ^(HH), ξ₁ ^(hh), ξ₂ ^(hh), ξ₃ ^(hh), ξ₁ ^(VV), and ξ₂ ^(VV) in equation (21) from the Kirsch's equations (6) are functions of normalized radial position r/a from the borehole surface.

Similarly, we can write:

$\begin{matrix} {{\Delta \; {C_{44}^{//{({\theta = 90})}}\left( {r/a} \right)}} = {{\left( {\mu + A_{1}} \right)\begin{bmatrix} {{\begin{pmatrix} {{\psi_{1}^{HH}\sin^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {{\psi_{1}^{hh}\cos^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} + {\psi_{1}^{VV}\sin^{2}\theta}} \end{pmatrix}\sigma_{H}} +} \\ {{\begin{pmatrix} {{\psi_{2}^{HH}\sin^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {{\psi_{2}^{hh}\cos^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} + {\psi_{2}^{VV}\sin^{2}\theta}} \end{pmatrix}\sigma_{h}} +} \\ {{\left( {\sin^{2}\theta} \right)\sigma_{V}} + {\begin{pmatrix} {{\psi_{3}^{HH}\sin^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {\psi_{3}^{hh}\cos^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} \end{pmatrix}\Delta \; P_{W}}} \end{bmatrix}} + {\quad{{\left\lbrack {{- {\mu \left( {1 + {2v}} \right)}} + A_{2}} \right\rbrack \begin{bmatrix} {{\left( {{\psi_{1}^{HH}\cos^{2}\varphi} + {\psi_{1}^{hh}\sin^{2}\varphi}} \right)\sigma_{H}} +} \\ {{\left( {{\psi_{2}^{HH}\cos^{2}\varphi} + {\psi_{2}^{hh}\sin^{2}\varphi}} \right)\sigma_{h}} +} \\ {\left( {{\psi_{3}^{HH}\cos^{2}\varphi} + {\psi_{3}^{hh}\sin^{2}\varphi}} \right)\Delta \; P_{W}} \end{bmatrix}} + {\quad{\left\lbrack {{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}} + C_{55} + A_{1}} \right\rbrack {\quad{\begin{bmatrix} {{\begin{pmatrix} {{\psi_{1}^{HH}\sin^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {{\psi_{1}^{hh}\cos^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} + {\psi_{1}^{VV}\cos^{2}\theta}} \end{pmatrix}\sigma_{H}} +} \\ {{\begin{pmatrix} {{\psi_{1}^{HH}\sin^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {{\psi_{2}^{hh}\cos^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} + {\psi_{2}^{VV}\cos^{2}\theta}} \end{pmatrix}\sigma_{h}} +} \\ {{\left( {\cos^{2}\theta} \right)\sigma_{V}} + {\begin{pmatrix} {{\psi_{3}^{HH}\sin^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {\psi_{3}^{hh}\cos^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} \end{pmatrix}\Delta \; P_{W}}} \end{bmatrix}{where}}}}}}}}} & (23) \\ {{\psi_{1}^{HH} = {\frac{1}{2}\left( {\frac{3a^{2}}{r^{2}} - \frac{3a^{4}}{r^{4}}} \right)}},{\psi_{2}^{HH} = {\frac{1}{2}\left( {2 - \frac{5a^{2}}{r^{2}} + \frac{3a^{4}}{r^{4}}} \right)}},{\psi_{3}^{HH} = \frac{a^{2}}{r^{2}}},{\psi_{1}^{hh} = {\frac{1}{2}\left( {2 + \frac{a^{2}}{r^{2}} + \frac{3a^{4}}{r^{4}}} \right)}},{\psi_{2}^{hh} = {\frac{1}{2}\left( {\frac{a^{2}}{r^{2}} - \frac{3a^{4}}{r^{4}}} \right)}},{\psi_{3}^{hh} = {- \frac{a^{2}}{r^{2}}}},{\psi_{1}^{VV} = \frac{2a^{2}}{r^{2}}},{\psi_{2}^{VV} = {- {\frac{2a^{2}}{r^{2}}.}}}} & (24) \end{matrix}$

It is to be noted that that all geometric coefficients ψ₁ ^(HH), ψ₂ ^(HH), ψ₃ ^(HH), ψ₁ ^(hh), ψ₂ ^(hh), ψ₃ ^(hh), ψ₁ ^(VV), and ψ₂ ^(VV) in equation (23) from the Kirsch's equations (6) are functions of normalized radial position r/a from the borehole surface.

Then, equation (21) can be rewritten in a compact form shown below:

$\begin{matrix} {{{X_{C} = {{\frac{\left( {A_{1} + \mu} \right)}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}S_{1}} + {\frac{\left\lbrack {A_{2} - {\mu \left( {1 + {2v}} \right)}} \right\rbrack}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}S_{2}} + {\frac{v\left\lbrack {A_{1} + {\mu \left( {3 + {2v}} \right)}} \right\rbrack}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}S_{3}}}},{{Where}\text{:}}}\mspace{79mu} {{X_{c} = {{\Delta \; {C_{55}^{\theta = 0}\left( r_{f} \right)}} - {\Delta \; {C_{55}^{\theta = 0}\left( r_{n} \right)}}}},{S_{1} = {{\begin{bmatrix} {{\left\{ {{\xi_{1}^{HH}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{1}^{HH}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \cos^{2}\varphi} +} \\ {\left\{ {{\xi_{1}^{hh}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{1}^{hh}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \sin^{2}\varphi} \end{bmatrix}\sigma_{H}} + {\begin{bmatrix} {{\left\{ {{\xi_{2}^{HH}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{2}^{HH}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \cos^{2}\varphi} +} \\ {\left\{ {{\xi_{2}^{hh}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{2}^{hh}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \sin^{2}\varphi} \end{bmatrix}\sigma_{h}} + {\begin{bmatrix} {{\left\{ {{\xi_{3}^{HH}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{3}^{HH}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \cos^{2}\varphi} +} \\ {\left\{ {{\xi_{3}^{hh}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{3}^{hh}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \sin^{2}\varphi} \end{bmatrix}P_{W}}}},{S_{2} = {\begin{bmatrix} {{\left\{ {{\xi_{1}^{HH}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{1}^{HH}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \sin^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {{\left\{ {{\xi_{1}^{hh}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{1}^{hh}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \cos^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {v\left\{ {{\xi_{1}^{VV}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{1}^{VV}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \sin^{2}\theta} \end{bmatrix}{\quad{\sigma_{H} + {\begin{bmatrix} {{\left\{ {{\xi_{2}^{HH}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{2}^{HH}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \sin^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {{\left\{ {{\xi_{2}^{hh}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{2}^{hh}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \cos^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {v\left\{ {{\xi_{2}^{VV}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{2}^{VV}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \sin^{2}\theta} \end{bmatrix}{\quad{{\sigma_{h} + {\begin{bmatrix} {{\left\{ {{\xi_{3}^{HH}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{3}^{HH}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \sin^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {\left\{ {{\xi_{3}^{hh}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{3}^{hh}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \cos^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} \end{bmatrix}P_{W}}},{S_{3} = {\begin{bmatrix} {{\left\{ {{\xi_{1}^{HH}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{1}^{HH}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \sin^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {{\left\{ {{\xi_{1}^{hh}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{1}^{hh}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \cos^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {v\left\{ {{\xi_{1}^{VV}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{1}^{VV}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \cos^{2}\theta} \end{bmatrix}{\quad{\sigma_{H} + {\begin{bmatrix} {{\left\{ {{\xi_{2}^{HH}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{2}^{HH}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \sin^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {{\left\{ {{\xi_{2}^{hh}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{2}^{hh}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \cos^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {v\left\{ {{\xi_{2}^{VV}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{2}^{VV}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \cos^{2}\theta} \end{bmatrix}{\quad{{\sigma_{h} + {\begin{bmatrix} {{\left\{ {{\xi_{3}^{HH}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{3}^{HH}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \sin^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {\left\{ {{\xi_{3}^{hh}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{3}^{hh}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \cos^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} \end{bmatrix}P_{W}}},}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} & (25) \end{matrix}$

where r_(f) and r_(n) denote the far and near normalized radial distances from the borehole surface used in the difference equations. Note that the near normalized radial distance must be outside any plastically yielded region of the rock.

Similarly, we form another difference equation. To that end, equations (22) and (23) can be rewritten in a compact form as shown below:

$\begin{matrix} {{{Y_{C} = {{\frac{\left( {A_{1} + \mu} \right)}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}S_{4}} + {\frac{\left\lbrack {A_{2} - {\mu \left( {1 + {2v}} \right)}} \right\rbrack}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}S_{5}} + {\frac{v\left\lbrack {A_{1} + {\mu \left( {3 + {2v}} \right)}} \right\rbrack}{2{\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}S_{6}}}},{where}}\mspace{79mu} {{Y_{c} = {{\Delta \; {C_{44}^{\theta = 90}\left( r_{f} \right)}} - {\Delta \; C_{55}^{\theta = 0}\left( r_{n} \right)}}},{S_{4} = {{\begin{bmatrix} {{\left\{ {\psi_{1}^{HH}\left( r_{f} \right)} \right\} \sin^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} - {\left\{ {\xi_{1}^{hh}\left( r_{n} \right)} \right\} \cos^{2}\varphi} +} \\ {{\left\{ {\psi_{1}^{hh}\left( r_{f} \right)} \right\} \cos^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} - {\left\{ {\xi_{1}^{hh}\left( r_{n} \right)} \right\} \sin^{2}\varphi}} \end{bmatrix}\sigma_{H}} + {\begin{bmatrix} {{\left\{ {\psi_{2}^{HH}\left( r_{f} \right)} \right\} \sin^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} - {\left\{ {\xi_{2}^{hh}\left( r_{n} \right)} \right\} \cos^{2}\varphi} +} \\ {{\left\{ {\psi_{2}^{hh}\left( r_{f} \right)} \right\} \cos^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} - {\left\{ {\xi_{2}^{hh}\left( r_{n} \right)} \right\} \sin^{2}\varphi}} \end{bmatrix}\sigma_{h}} + {\begin{bmatrix} {{\left\{ {\psi_{3}^{HH}\left( r_{f} \right)} \right\} \sin^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} - {\left\{ {\xi_{3}^{HH}\left( r_{n} \right)} \right\} \cos^{2}\varphi} +} \\ {{\left\{ {\psi_{3}^{hh}\left( r_{f} \right)} \right\} \cos^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} - {\left\{ {\xi_{3}^{hh}\left( r_{n} \right)} \right\} \sin^{2}\varphi}} \end{bmatrix}P_{w}}}},{S_{5} = {\begin{bmatrix} {{\left\{ {\psi_{1}^{HH}\left( r_{f} \right)} \right\} \cos^{2}\varphi} - {\left\{ {\xi_{1}^{hh}\left( r_{n} \right)} \right\} \sin^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {{\left\{ {\psi_{1}^{hh}\left( r_{f} \right)} \right\} \sin^{2}\varphi} - {\left\{ {\xi_{1}^{hh}\left( r_{n} \right)} \right\} \cos^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta}} \end{bmatrix}{\quad{\sigma_{H} + {\begin{bmatrix} {{\left\{ {\psi_{2}^{HH}\left( r_{f} \right)} \right\} \cos^{2}\varphi} - {\left\{ {\xi_{2}^{HH}\left( r_{n} \right)} \right\} \sin^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {{\left\{ {\psi_{2}^{hh}\left( r_{f} \right)} \right\} \sin^{2}\varphi} - {\left\{ {\xi_{2}^{hh}\left( r_{n} \right)} \right\} \cos^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta}} \end{bmatrix}{\quad{{\sigma_{h} + {\begin{bmatrix} {{\left\{ {\psi_{3}^{HH}\left( r_{f} \right)} \right\} \cos^{2}\varphi} - {\left\{ {\xi_{3}^{HH}\left( r_{n} \right)} \right\} \sin^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {{\left\{ {\psi_{3}^{hh}\left( r_{f} \right)} \right\} \sin^{2}\varphi} - {\left\{ {\xi_{3}^{hh}\left( r_{n} \right)} \right\} \cos^{2}{\varphi cos}^{2}\theta}} \end{bmatrix}P_{W}}},{S_{6} = {\begin{bmatrix} {{\left\{ {\psi_{1}^{HH}\left( r_{f} \right)} \right\} \sin^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} - {\left\{ {\xi_{1}^{HH}\left( r_{n} \right)} \right\} \sin^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {{\left\{ {{\psi_{1}^{hh}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{1}^{hh}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \cos^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {v\left\{ {{\psi_{2}^{VV}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{2}^{VV}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \cos^{2}\theta} \end{bmatrix}{\quad{\sigma_{H} + {\begin{bmatrix} \begin{matrix} {{\left\{ {{\psi_{2}^{HH}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{2}^{HH}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \sin^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {{\left\{ {{\psi_{2}^{hh}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{2}^{hh}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \cos^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} +} \end{matrix} \\ {v\left\{ {{\psi_{2}^{VV}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{2}^{VV}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \cos^{2}\theta} \end{bmatrix}{\quad{{\sigma_{h} + {\begin{bmatrix} {{\left\{ {{\psi_{3}^{HH}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{3}^{HH}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \sin^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} +} \\ {\left\{ {{\psi_{3}^{hh}\left( r_{f} \right)} - {\xi_{3}^{hh}\left( r_{n} \right)}} \right\} \cos^{2}{\varphi sin}^{2}\theta} \end{bmatrix}P_{W}}},}}}}}}}}}}}}}}}} & (26) \end{matrix}$

We can solve for A₁ and A₂ from equations (25) and (26) and express them as shown below:

$\begin{matrix} {{A_{1} = \frac{K_{1}}{{S_{5}\left( {S_{1} + {vS}_{3}} \right)} - {S_{2}\left( {S_{4} + {vS}_{6}} \right)}}},{and}} & \left( 27 \right. \\ {{A_{2} = \frac{K_{2}}{{S_{5}\left( {S_{1} + {vS}_{3}} \right)} - {S_{2}\left( {S_{4} + {vS}_{6}} \right)}}},{where}} & (28) \\ {{K_{1} = {\mu \begin{bmatrix} {{{- S_{5}}\left\{ {S_{1} + {S_{3}{v\left( {{2\; v} + 3} \right)}}} \right\}} + {S_{2}\left\{ {S_{4} + {{vS}_{6}\left( {{2\; v} + 3} \right\}} +} \right.}} \\ {{2\; {S_{5}\left( {1 + v} \right)}X_{C}} - {2\; {S_{2}\left( {1 + v} \right)}Y_{C}}} \end{bmatrix}}},} & (29) \\ {K_{2} = {{\mu \begin{bmatrix} {{vS}_{3}\left\{ {{2\; S_{4}} + S_{5} + {2\; {v\left( {S_{4} + S_{5)}} \right\}}} - {S_{2}\left( {1 + {2\; v}} \right)}} \right.} \\ {\left( {S_{4} + {vS}_{6}} \right) + {S_{1}\left\{ {{2\; {vS}_{5}} + S_{5} - {2\; S_{6}{v\left( {1 + v} \right)}}} \right\}} -} \\ {{2\left( {1 + v} \right)\left( {S_{4} + {vS}_{6}} \right)X_{C}} + {2\left( {1 + v} \right)\left( {S_{1} + {vS}_{3}} \right)Y_{C}}} \end{bmatrix}}.}} & (30) \end{matrix}$

We can now express the nonlinear constants C₁₄₄ and C₁₅₅ in terms of A₁ and A₂, and the acoustoelastic coefficient A_(E) can also be expressed in terms of A₁ and A₂ as shown below:

$\begin{matrix} {{C_{144} = \frac{{2\; {vA}_{1}} + {\left( {1 - v} \right)A_{2}}}{\left( {1 - {2\; v}} \right)\left( {1 + v} \right)}},{C_{155} = \frac{A_{1} + {vA}_{2}}{\left( {1 - {2\; v}} \right)\left( {1 + v} \right)}},} & (31) \\ {{{C_{155} - C_{144}} = \frac{A_{1} - A_{2}}{1 + v}},} & (32) \\ {A_{E}^{Model} = {{2 + {\frac{1}{2\; \mu}\left( {C_{155} - C_{144}} \right)}} = {2 + {\frac{A_{1} - A_{2}}{2\; {\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}.}}}} & (33) \end{matrix}$

A model derived acoustoelastic coefficient A_(E) can now be compared with data derived acoustoelastic coefficient given by:

$\begin{matrix} {A_{E}^{Data} = {\frac{C_{55}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}}{\sigma_{v}^{//} - \sigma_{h}^{//}} = {\frac{C_{44}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}}{\sigma_{v}^{//} - \sigma_{H}^{//}}.}}} & (34) \end{matrix}$

Next we can express deviated borehole stresses along the radial, hoop and axial directions in terms of the formation principal stresses and borehole azimuth φ measured from the maximum horizontal stress direction, and borehole deviation θ from the vertical.

$\begin{matrix} {{\frac{\sigma_{H}^{//}}{\sigma_{v}^{//}} = \frac{{\cos^{2}\varphi \frac{\sigma_{H}}{\sigma_{V}}} + {\sin^{2}\varphi \frac{\sigma_{h}}{\sigma_{V}}}}{{\sin^{2}\varphi \; \sin^{2}\theta \frac{\sigma_{H}}{\sigma_{V}}} + {\cos^{2}\varphi \; \sin^{2}\frac{\sigma_{h}}{\sigma_{V}}} + {\cos^{2}\theta}}},} & (35) \end{matrix}$

where σ_(V), σ_(H) and σ_(h) denote the formation vertical, maximum horizontal and minimum horizontal stresses, respectively. Similarly, we can express the ratio of borehole hoop and axial stresses as:

$\begin{matrix} {\frac{\sigma_{h}^{//}}{\sigma_{v}^{//}} = {\frac{{\sin^{2}\varphi \; \cos^{2}\theta \frac{\sigma_{H}}{\sigma_{V}}} + {\cos^{2}\varphi \; \cos^{2}\theta \frac{\sigma_{h}}{\sigma_{V}}} + {\sin^{2}\theta}}{{\sin^{2}\varphi \; \sin^{2}\theta \frac{\sigma_{H}}{\sigma_{V}}} + {\cos^{2}\varphi \; \sin^{2}\theta \frac{\sigma_{h}}{\sigma_{V}}} + {\cos^{2}\theta}}.}} & (36) \end{matrix}$

Using equations (18), (35) and (36), we can now express σ_(h)/σ_(V) in terms of σ_(H)/σ_(V), measured shear moduli referred to the deviated borehole axes, and deviated borehole orientation referred to the principal stress directions.

$\begin{matrix} {{\frac{\sigma_{h}}{\sigma_{V}} = {{\left( \frac{B_{1}}{B_{3}} \right)\left( \frac{\sigma_{H}}{\sigma_{V}} \right)} - \left( \frac{B_{2}}{B_{3}} \right)}},{where}} & (37) \\ {{B_{1} = {{R_{1}\sin^{2}\varphi \; \sin^{2}\theta} + {R_{2}\sin^{2}\varphi \; \cos^{2}\theta} + {\cos^{2}\theta}}},{B_{2} = {{R_{1}\cos^{2}\theta} + {R_{2}\sin^{2}\theta}}},{B_{3} = {{R_{1}\cos^{2}\varphi \; \sin^{2}\theta} + {R_{2}\cos^{2}\varphi \; \cos^{2}\theta}}},{R_{1} = \frac{C_{55}^{//} - C_{44}^{//}}{C_{55}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}}},{R_{2} = \frac{C_{44}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}}{C_{55}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}}},} & (38) \end{matrix}$

The ratio of minimum horizontal to overburden stress σ_(h)/σ_(V) can also be expressed in another form as shown below:

$\begin{matrix} {{\frac{\sigma_{h}}{\sigma_{V}} = {{\left( \frac{C_{1}}{C_{2}} \right)\left( \frac{\sigma_{H}}{\sigma_{V}} \right)} - \frac{C_{3}}{C_{2}}}},{where}} & (39) \\ {{C_{1} = \left\lbrack {{R_{1}\sin^{2}{\varphi \left( {{\sin^{2}\theta} - {\cos^{2}\theta}} \right)}} + \left( {{\sin^{2}\varphi \; \cos^{2}\theta} - {\cos^{2}\varphi}} \right)} \right\rbrack},{C_{2} = \left\lbrack {{\sin^{2}\varphi} - {\cos^{2}\varphi \; \cos^{2}\theta} + {R_{1}\cos^{2}{\varphi \left( {{\cos^{2}\theta} - {\sin^{2}\theta}} \right)}}} \right\rbrack},{C_{3} = {{R_{1}\left( {{\sin^{2}\theta} - {\cos^{2}\theta}} \right)}.}}} & (40) \end{matrix}$

Note that the ratio of minimum horizontal to overburden stress σ_(h)/σ_(V) can be related to the ratio of maximum horizontal to overburden stress σ_(H)/σ_(V) by either equation (37) or (39). Both of these relations require estimates of the three far-field shear moduli referred to the deviated borehole axes and the borehole azimuth and deviation referred to the principal stress directions.

Inversion Model for Estimating Both σ_(H) and σ_(h)

In one embodiment of the invention, estimation of the maximum and minimum horizontal stresses comprises the following steps:

-   -   1. σ_(h)/σ_(V) is expressed in terms of σ_(H)/σ_(V) either from         equation (37) or (39).     -   2. A₁ and A₂ are calculated from equations (27) and (28) in         terms of σ_(H)/σ_(V).     -   3. Acoustoelastic parameter A_(E) (model) is then calculated as         a function the stress ratio σ_(H)/σ_(V).     -   4. A_(E) (data) is calculated from equation (33) in terms of         C₅₅, C₄₄, σ_(H), and σ_(h).     -   5. The error ε=Abs [{A_(E) (model)−A_(E) (data)}/A_(E)(data)],         is minimized as a function of σ_(H)/σ_(V).     -   6. Estimated value of σ_(H)/Σ_(V) is obtained when the error ε         is minimum.     -   7. σ_(h)/Σ_(V) is finally calculated using either equation (37)         or (39) in terms of σ_(H)/σ_(V).

Inversion Model for Estimating σ_(H)

In another embodiment of the invention, when the overburden stress σ_(V) is known from the integration of the formation bulk density, and minimum horizontal stress σ_(h) is known from other sources (such as, a mini-frac test or an extended leak-off test (XLOT) known in the prior-art (“The use of leak-off tests as means of predicting minimum in-situ stress”, by Adrian J. White, Martin O. Traugott and Richard E. Swarbrick, Petroleum Geoscience, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 189-193, June 2002), estimation of the maximum horizontal stress σ_(H) is carried out based on the following analysis:

Assume that σ_(V), σ_(H), and σ_(h) are the formation principal stresses and σ_(V)″, σ_(H)″, and σ_(h)″ are the rotated stresses parallel to the X₃″, X₁″, and X₂″ axes, respectively; and the borehole is parallel to the X₃″ axis.

When C″₅₅>C″₄₄, we have

C ₅₅ ″−C ₆₆ ″=A _(E)(σ_(V)″−σ_(h)″),   (41)

C ₄₄ ″−C ₆₆ ″=A _(E)(σ_(V)″−σ_(H)″),   (42)

C ₅₅ ″−C ₄₄ ″=A _(E)(σ_(H)″−σ_(h)″),   (43)

Combining equations (41) and (43), we can solve for σ_(H) and it can be expressed as

$\begin{matrix} {{\sigma_{H} = {{\frac{\left( {a_{2} - {R_{1}a_{5}}} \right)}{\left( {{R_{1}a_{4}} - a_{1}} \right)}\sigma_{h}} + {\frac{\left( {a_{3} - {R_{1}a_{6}}} \right)}{\left( {{R_{1}a_{4}} - a_{1}} \right)}\sigma_{V}}}},{where}} & (44) \\ {{R_{1} = \frac{C_{55}^{//} - C_{44}^{//}}{C_{55}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}}},} & (45) \\ {{a_{1} = {{\cos^{2}\varphi} - {\sin^{2}\varphi \; \cos^{2}\theta}}},{a_{2} = {{\sin^{2}\varphi} - {\cos^{2}\varphi \; \cos^{2}\theta}}},{a_{3} = {{- \sin^{2}}\theta}},{a_{4} = {\sin^{2}{\varphi \left( {{\sin^{2}\theta} - {\cos^{2}\theta}} \right)}}},{a_{5} = {\cos^{2}{\phi \left( {{\sin^{2}\theta} - {\cos^{2}\theta}} \right)}}},{a_{6} = {{\cos^{2}\theta} - {\sin^{2}\theta}}},} & (46) \end{matrix}$

The acoustoelastic coefficient A_(E) can be calculated from equation (47) or (48):

$\begin{matrix} {{A_{E} = \frac{C_{55}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}}{{a_{4}\sigma_{H}} + {a_{5}\sigma_{h}} + {a_{6}\sigma_{V}}}},{or}} & (47) \\ {A_{E} = {\frac{C_{55}^{//} - C_{44}^{//}}{{a_{1}\sigma_{H}} + {a_{2}\sigma_{h}} + {a_{3}\sigma_{V}}}.}} & (48) \end{matrix}$

Fast and Slow Dipole Dispersions Overlay

FIG. 4 shows another embodiment of a method according to the invention. FIG. 4 represents a schematic diagram of a fluid-filled borehole in a formation subject to an overburden stress Sv and isotropic horizontal stresses (SHmax=Shmin=S_(H)). Under this situation, the fast and slow dipole dispersions obtained from cross-dipole waveforms coincide with each other implying isotropy in the azimuthal shear velocities or slownesses.

When normal stresses in the cross-sectional plane of a deviated wellbore are nearly the same, the far-field stresses satisfy the following relations as shown below:

σ_(H)″=σ_(h)″, (cos² φ−sin² φ cos² θ)σ_(H)=(cos² φ cos² θ−sin² φ)σ_(h)+sin² θσ_(V),   (41)

and the near-field stresses satisfy the following relations as given below:

$\begin{matrix} {\mspace{79mu} {{{\sigma_{H}^{//}\left( \frac{r}{a} \right)} = {\sigma_{h}^{//}\left( \frac{r}{a} \right)}},{{{\begin{bmatrix} {{\xi_{1}^{HH}\left( {{\cos^{2}\varphi} - {\sin^{2}\varphi \; \cos^{2}\theta}} \right)} +} \\ {{\xi_{1}^{hh}\left( {{\sin^{2}\varphi} - {\cos^{2}\varphi \; \cos^{2}\theta}} \right)} + {\xi_{2}^{VV}v\; \sin^{2}\theta}} \end{bmatrix}\sigma_{H}} + {\left\lbrack {{\xi_{3}^{hh}\left( {{\sin^{2}\varphi} - {\cos^{2}\varphi}} \right)}\left( {1 + {\cos^{2}\theta}} \right)} \right\rbrack \Delta \; P_{W}}} = {\quad{{\begin{bmatrix} {{\xi_{2}^{HH}\left( {{\sin^{2}\varphi \; \cos^{2}\theta} - {\cos^{2}\varphi}} \right)} +} \\ {{\xi_{2}^{hh}\left( {{\cos^{2}\varphi \; \cos^{2}\theta} - {\sin^{2}\varphi}} \right)} + {\xi_{2}^{VV}v\; \sin^{2}\theta}} \end{bmatrix}{{\sigma_{h}++}\left\lbrack {\sin^{2}\theta} \right\rbrack}\sigma_{V}},}}}}} & (42) \end{matrix}$

where the geometric coefficients ξ₁ ^(HH), ξ₁ ^(hh), . . . are defined in equations (22). Under these circumstances, the fast and slow dipole dispersions overlay and the effective shear moduli in the two orthogonal axial planes of a deviated borehole are equal, C₅₅″=C₄₄″.

In this special case also, we can solve for the parameters A₁ and A₂ from the two difference equations formed by C₅₅″ and C₄₄″, to express A_(E) ^(Model) as shown below:

$\begin{matrix} {{A_{E}^{Model} = {{2 + {\frac{1}{2\; \mu}\left( {C_{155} - C_{144}} \right)}} = {2 + \frac{A_{1} - A_{2}}{2\; {\mu \left( {1 + v} \right)}}}}},} & (43) \end{matrix}$

and A_(E) ^(Data) is given by:

$\begin{matrix} {A_{E}^{Data} = {\frac{C_{55}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}}{\left( {{\sigma_{H}\sin^{2}\varphi} + {\sigma_{h}\cos^{2}\varphi} - \sigma_{V}} \right)\left( {{\sin^{2}\theta} - {\cos^{2}\theta}} \right)}.}} & (44) \end{matrix}$

Next we can minimize the error ε as a function of σ_(H)/σ_(V):

$\begin{matrix} {{ɛ = {\frac{A_{E}^{Model} - A_{E}^{Data}}{A_{E}^{Data}}}},} & (45) \end{matrix}$

and calculate the minimum horizontal stress magnitude using equation (41).

Stress Magnitude Estimation in Permeable Reservoirs

An example of embodiment of the method of the invention can be implemented to estimate stress magnitude in Transversely-Isotropic (TI)-shales. Stress magnitude estimation algorithms assume that the observed differences in the three shear moduli are caused by differences in the three formation principal stresses.

However, when fluid permeability and stress-induced effects are simultaneously present on the measured effective shear moduli in a permeable reservoir, it is necessary to remove mobility-induced bias from the stress magnitude estimation workflow. The presence of fluid mobility causes a decrease in the Stoneley shear modulus C₆₆ that can be estimated when fluid mobility/permeability is known from an independence source, such as core data or NMR. When dealing with deviated, highly deviated or horizontal well, it is possible to modify the measured Stoneley shear modulus C₆₆ and input the modified C₆₆′ (>C₆₆) into the stress magnitude estimation algorithm.

Otherwise, the formation overburden to horizontal stress ratio can be obtained as a function of parameter γ=C′₆₆/C₆₆ (>1). Generally, this parameter γ can vary from 1 to 1.15.

Stress Magnitude Estimation in TI-Shales

Recall that stress magnitude estimation algorithms assume that differences in the three shear moduli are solely caused by differences in the three principal stresses.

However, transversely-isotropic shales in the absence of stresses exhibit larger shear modulus C₆₆ in the isotropic plane than the shear moduli C₄₄ and C₅₅ in the two orthogonal axial planes containing the borehole axis and orthogonally polarized shear polarization directions.

Therefore, it is necessary to remove any differences between C₆₆ and C₄₄ caused by structural anisotropy and invert any remaining differences in shear moduli for formation stress magnitudes.

Illustrative Example I

We analyze sonic data acquired with a logging tool as shown on FIG. 1 in a deviated well in a depleted field. The well azimuth is 331.5 degrees from the North and well deviation is 35 degrees from the vertical.

Dipole Shear Slowness Anisotropy in a Deviated Borehole

FIG. 5 displays slowness dispersion plot for the measured Stoneley and cross-dipole dispersions and FIG. 6 displays radial variation profiling plot of radial profiles of the fast (FS) and slow (SS) dipole shear and Stoneley shear slownesses. FIG. 7 depicts the relationship between σ_(H)/σ_(h) and σ_(H)/σ_(V) obtained for a chosen parameter γ(=C₆₆*/C₆₆)=1.01 using the far-field shear moduli C₄₄″, C₅₅″, and C₆₆″. The parameter γ enables us to estimate possible variations in stress magnitude estimates caused by a possible bias on measured C₆₆ due to either fluid mobility or shale structural anisotropy. FIG. 8 shows radial profiles of the three shear moduli obtained from the corresponding shear slownesses shown in FIG. 5. In FIG. 9, we show minimization of the cost function defined in terms of A_(E) (model) and A_(E) (data) as a function of σ_(H)/σ_(V). Note that σ_(H) and σ_(V) are stresses along the X₁- and X₃-directions, respectively. Remember that it is possible that σ_(H) might be less than ah oriented along the X₂-direction. FIG. 10 illustrates how the horizontal stress estimates might change as a function of the parameter γ.

Estimation of the Maximum Horizontal Stress Direction

Sonic data from a deviated wellbore can be inverted according to an embodiment of the method of the invention for the maximum and minimum horizontal stress magnitudes. When the wellbore orientation is expressed in terms of well azimuth measured from the North and deviation from the vertical, it is likely that the maximum horizontal direction would not be aligned with the North direction. However, it is possible to calculate the maximum horizontal and minimum horizontal stress magnitudes as a function of well azimuth. If we have an independent estimate of the minimum horizontal stress magnitude from a mini-frac or Extended Leak-Off Test (XLOT) in the same field, we can then estimate the deviated wellbore azimuth measured from the SHmax direction. (Details of the XLOT and mini-frac tests are described in the prior-art by A. M. Raaen, P. Horsrud, H. Kjorholt, and D. Okland, “Improved routine estimation of the minimum horizontal stress component from extended leak-off test”, International Journal of Rock Mechanics and Mining Sciences, vol. 43, pp. 37-48, 2006; and J. Desroches and A. Kurkjian, “Applications of wireline stress measurements”, SPE 48960, 1998). Consequently, the azimuth of SHmax from the North can be calculated from the difference equation given below:

φSHmax/North=φBorehole/North −φBorehole/SHmax,   (46)

where the azimuth φBorehole/SHmax is estimated from a sensitivity analysis of SHmax and Shmin to changes in the borehole azimuth referred to the SHmax direction and an independent estimate of the Shmin magnitude from known tests like a minifrac test or extended leak-off test (XLOT) in the same field.

FIG. 11 shows the far-field axial (T₃₃), hoop (T₂₂), and radial (T₁₁) stresses as a function of well azimuth (φ) measured from the North and a fixed well deviation of 35 degrees. These results indicate the hoop and radial stresses in the borehole cross-sectional plane are the same for well azimuths of 0 and 180 degrees. Therefore at these azimuths, the fast and slow dipole dispersions will overlay even though the formation principal stresses Sv, SHmax, and Shmin are different. Similarly, FIG. 12 displays the far-field axial (T₃₃), hoop (T₂₂), and radial (T₁₁) stresses as a function of well deviation (θ) for a fixed well azimuth of 331.9 degrees from the North. These results suggest that the measured fast and slow dipole dispersions will overlay for a well deviation of about 27 degrees. Recall that the well deviation θ from the vertical is defined by a second rotation of the orthogonal axes about the X₁′-axis. FIG. 11 illustrates how the horizontal stress estimates might change as a function of the wellbore azimuth φ. As stated earlier, an embodiment of the model according to the invention assumes that the wellbore azimuth is measured from the maximum horizontal stress direction. We can therefore, estimate φBorehole/SHmax from FIG. 11 by selecting an azimuth that is consistent with the Shmin estimated from an independent source, such as the known tests referred to earlier. Since the wellbore azimuth φBorehole/North is known, we can thus estimate the maximum horizontal stress direction referred to the North from equation (46).

FIG. 13 shows an example of a flow chart according to an embodiment of the invention for the estimation of maximum horizontal stress direction using sonic data from deviated wellbores and minifrac tests yielding minimum stress referred to the deviated wellbore axes.

Negligible Dipole Shear Slowness Anisotropy in a Deviated Borehole

Next we describe results for the maximum and minimum horizontal stress magnitudes in an interval where the fast and slow dipole dispersions overlay implying that the stresses in the deviated borehole cross-sectional plane are isotropic (i.e., σ₁₁″=σ₂₂″).

FIG. 14 displays the measured Stoneley and cross-dipole dispersions at depth of 5862.06 m, while FIG. 15 depicts a radial profile of the dipole shear and Stoneley shear slownesses. FIG. 16 depicts the relationship between σ_(H)/σ_(h) and σ_(H)/σ_(V) obtained for a chosen γ(=C₆₆*/C₆₆)=1.05 using the far-field shear moduli C₄₄″(=C₅₅″), and C₆₆″. The parameter γ enables us to estimate possible variations in stress magnitude estimates caused by a possible bias on measured C₆₆ due to either fluid mobility or shale structural anisotropy. FIG. 17 shows the radial profile of dipole shear modulus (C₄₄″(=C₅₅″), obtained from the corresponding shear slowness shown in FIG. 14. In FIG. 18, we show minimization of the cost function defined in terms of A_(E) (model) and A_(E) (data) as a function of σ_(H)/σ_(V). Note that σ_(H) and σ_(V) are stresses along the X₁- and X₃-directions, respectively. Remember that it is possible that σ_(H) might be less than σ_(h) oriented along the X₂-direction. FIG. 19 illustrates how the horizontal stress estimates would change as a function of the parameter γ. Advantageously, a proper choice of parameter γ; removes any structural anisotropy effects or fluid mobility effects on the sonic data and provides reliable estimates of formation horizontal stress magnitudes.

Although certain aspects, examples and embodiments have been described above, it will be recognized by the person of ordinary skill in the art, given the benefit of this disclosure, that additions, substitutions, modifications, and alterations of the disclosed illustrative aspects, examples and embodiments are possible.

Embodiments of the invention comprise inversion algorithms that provide estimates of the maximum horizontal and minimum horizontal stress magnitudes and directions referred to the earth axes, ie, a trihedron of orthogonal axis containing the vertical axis. These algorithms invert measured Stoneley and cross-dipole dispersions obtained from sonic data acquired in deviated, highly deviated or horizontal wellbores. The estimation of formation stress magnitudes comprises an acoustoelastic model that relates changes in the sonic or seismic velocities to corresponding changes in stresses in the propagating medium. Measured borehole dispersions are transformed into radial variations in the three shear moduli in the three orthogonal planes.

Difference equations in the far-field shear moduli together with differences in shear moduli at two radial positions enable us to invert for the horizontal stress magnitudes and formation nonlinear constants that are related to the stress coefficients of velocities. Radial positions for the difference equations are selected to be sufficiently away from the borehole surface not to exhibit any plastic deformation. Sonic data from deviated boreholes can also be used to estimate the maximum horizontal stress direction from the North in terms of the borehole azimuth from the North and the borehole azimuth from the maximum horizontal stress direction provided the overburden and minimum horizontal stress magnitudes are known from other sources. 

1. A method for estimating maximum and minimum horizontal stresses in a formation in which a deviated borehole is present comprising: determining radial profiles of Stoneley, fast dipole shear and slow dipole shear slownesses; estimating maximum and minimum horizontal stresses by inverting differences in far-field shear moduli with difference equation obtained from radial profiles of dipole shear moduli C44″, C55″ and deviated borehole stresses wherein said dipole shear moduli C44″, C55″ and deviated borehole stresses are referred to a trihedron of orthogonal axis defined by the deviated borehole azimuth from the North and the deviation of the longitudinal axis of the deviated borehole from the vertical; and producing an indication of the maximum and minimum horizontal stresses in the formation in tangible form.
 2. The method of claim 1 wherein estimating maximum and minimum horizontal stresses comprises expressing a first set of principal stresses as a function of the deviated borehole azimuth from the North, the deviation of the longitudinal axis of the deviated borehole from the vertical and the formation maximum horizontal stress, minimum horizontal stress and overburden stress.
 3. The method of claim 2 further comprising expressing radial profiles of Stoneley, fast dipole shear and slow dipole shear slownesses as a function of the first set of principal stresses and an acoustoelastic coefficient.
 4. The method of claim 3 wherein the acoustoelastic coefficient comprises a non linear elastic stiffness parameter and a shear modulus of the formation.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the acoustoelastic coefficient relates sonic or seismic velocities in the formation to corresponding changes in the first set of principal stresses in the formation.
 6. Apparatus for estimating stress in a formation in which a deviated borehole is present comprising: at least one acoustic sensor that provides radial profiles of Stoneley, fast dipole shear and slow dipole shear slownesses; processing circuitry that estimates maximum and minimum horizontal stresses by inverting differences in far-field shear moduli with difference equation obtained from radial profiles of dipole shear moduli C44″, C55″ and deviated borehole stresses, said dipole shear moduli C44″, C55″ and deviated borehole stresses being referred to a trihedron of orthogonal axis defined by the deviated borehole azimuth from the North and the deviation of the longitudinal axis of the deviated borehole from the vertical; and an output that produces an indication of the maximum and minimum horizontal stresses in tangible form.
 7. A method for estimating maximum horizontal stress direction from the North in a formation in which a deviated borehole is present comprising: determining radial profiles of Stoneley, fast dipole shear and slow dipole shear slownesses; obtaining minimum horizontal and formation overburden stresses from measurements taken in the deviated borehole; identify the deviated borehole azimuth from the maximum horizontal stress direction from the obtained minimum horizontal stress; determine the deviated borehole azimuth from the North; estimate the maximum horizontal stress direction from the North from the radial profiles of Stoneley, fast dipole shear and slow dipole shear slownesses, the minimum horizontal stress and the deviated borehole azimuth; and producing maximum horizontal stress direction from the North in a formation in tangible form.
 8. A Method for estimating horizontal to overburden stress ratio in a formation in which a deviated borehole is present comprising: determining radial profiles of Stoneley, fast dipole shear and slow dipole shear slownesses; expressing the minimum horizontal to overburden stress ratio as a function of the maximum horizontal to overburden stress ratio; calculating a first and a second parameters comprising nonlinear elastic stiffness constants for the formation as a function of the maximum horizontal to overburden stress ratio; calculating a first estimation of an acoustoelastic coefficient as a function of the maximum horizontal to overburden stress ratio; calculating a second estimation of the acoustoelastic coefficient as a function of the fast dipole shear and slow dipole shear slownesses, maximum horizontal stress and minimum horizontal stress; expressing an error function between the first and second estimations of the acoustoelastic coefficient as a function of the maximum horizontal to overburden stress ratio; estimating a value of the maximum horizontal to overburden stress ratio when the error function is minimum; and calculating the minimum horizontal to overburden stress ratio from the value of the maximum horizontal to overburden stress ratio.
 9. The method according to claim 8, wherein calculating the minimum horizontal to overburden stress ratio is based on the equation: ${\frac{\sigma_{h}}{\sigma_{V}} = {{\left( \frac{B_{1}}{B_{3}} \right)\left( \frac{\sigma_{H}}{\sigma_{V}} \right)} - \left( \frac{B_{2}}{B_{3}} \right)}},{where}$ ${B_{1} = {{R_{1}\sin^{2}\varphi \; \sin^{2}\theta} + {R_{2}\sin^{2}\varphi \; \cos^{2}\theta} + {\cos^{2}\theta}}},{B_{2} = {{R_{1}\cos^{2}\theta} + {R_{2}\sin^{2}\theta}}},{B_{3} = {{R_{1}\cos^{2}\varphi \; \sin^{2}\theta} + {R_{2}\cos^{2}\varphi \; \cos^{2}\theta}}},{R_{1} = \frac{C_{55}^{//} - C_{44}^{//}}{C_{55}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}}},{R_{2} = \frac{C_{44}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}}{C_{55}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}}},$ and φ is the azimuth of the deviated borehole measured from the North, θ the deviation of the longitudinal axis of the deviated borehole from the vertical, C₄₄″, C₅₅″, C₆₆″ are the shear moduli referred to a trihedron of orthogonal axis defined by the deviated borehole azimuth from the North and the deviation of the longitudinal axis of the deviated borehole from the vertical.
 10. A method for estimating maximum horizontal stress magnitude in a formation in which a deviated borehole is present comprising: determining radial profiles of Stoneley, fast dipole shear and slow dipole shear slownesses; obtaining minimum horizontal stress from a mini-frac or XLOT in a nearby offset well in the same field; obtaining overburden stress from an integration of bulk density from the surface to the depth of interest; identify the deviated borehole azimuth from the maximum horizontal stress direction; determine the deviated borehole deviation from the horizontal; and estimate the maximum horizontal stress magnitude using the three far-field shear moduli from the radial profiles of the Stoneley, fast dipole shear, and slow dipole shear slownesses based on the following equations $\begin{matrix} {{\sigma_{H} = {{\frac{\left( {a_{2} - {R_{1}a_{5}}} \right)}{\left( {{R_{1}a_{4}} - a_{1}} \right)}\sigma_{h}} + {\frac{\left( {a_{3} - {R_{1}a_{6}}} \right)}{\left( {{R_{1}a_{4}} - a_{1}} \right)}\sigma_{V}}}},{where}} \\ {{R_{1} = \frac{C_{55}^{//} - C_{44}^{//}}{C_{55}^{//} - C_{66}^{//}}},} \\ {{a_{1} = {{\cos^{2}\varphi} - {\sin^{2}\varphi \; \cos^{2}\theta}}},{a_{2} = {{\sin^{2}\varphi} - {\cos^{2}\varphi \; \cos^{2}\theta}}},{a_{3} = {{- \sin^{2}}\theta}},{a_{4} = {\sin^{2}{\varphi \left( {{\sin^{2}\theta} - {\cos^{2}\theta}} \right)}}},{a_{5} = {\cos^{2}{\phi \left( {{\sin^{2}\theta} - {\cos^{2}\theta}} \right)}}},{a_{6} = {{\cos^{2}\theta} - {\sin^{2}{\theta.}}}}} \end{matrix}$ 